Immunomodulation by Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP)

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is one of the major neuropeptides expressed and produced by the enteric nervous system. VIP release in the proximity of GI resident immune cells facilitates its immunoregulatory functions, including effects on macrophages, dendritic cells, and T lymphocytes. Here we discuss the functions of VIP as a modulator and possible therapeutic target in gastrointestinal inflammation in the larger context of its general immunoregulatory role.