Dispatch in Electric Vehicles Embedded Virtual Power Plants Considering Safety Constraints

Virtual power plant (VPP) is an effective way to coordinate multiple types of energy such as electric vehicles (EV) and wind power. To optimize the utilization of VPP involving multiple energy sources, a two-layer scheduling model for VPP considering safety constraints are build. Under the premise of safety constraints such as system flow, node voltage, and line transmission power, the upper layer model is aimed at maximizing revenue of the virtual power plant and minimizing its output variance by making charging schedules for EV agent, conventional load, and the output of VPP. The lower layer model is aimed at minimizing deviation between the actual output of the EV group and charging schedules of EV agent by optimizing the charging curve of each EV. A IEEE30 node test system with one wind power agent, one EV agent and two conventional load agents is taken as example to illustrate its validity. The results show that the model can realize the coordinated optimization of wind power, EV and conventional load, improve revenue of VPP and the fluctuation of its output.