Glacial advances and stability of the moraine dam on Mount Namcha Barwa since the Last Glacial Maximum, eastern Himalayan syntaxis

Abstract The Tibetan Plateau and Indian Plain exhibit the largest altitudinal difference between two geographically contiguous areas on Earth, but the eastern margin of the Plateau has not experienced headward erosion of the Yarlung Zangbo River (YZR) since ~2.5 Ma. In the past, some scientists have argued that moraine dams on Mount Namcha Barwa (in the Eastern Himalayan syntaxis) frequently blocked the YZR, thus keeping the Plateau's margin intact at this point. In this study, three sets of moraines were identified in the Pai Valley alongside Namcha Barwa, and were dated using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and 10Be exposure dating. The resultant ages would suggest that three glaciations occurred at ~22.2, 4.7 and 1.3 ka, respectively. Comparison of OSL and 10Be ages for glacial advances with local paleoclimatic proxies would suggest that temperature was the dominant factor controlling glacial change. Because of the paleoglacial advance frequency, coupling with rapid fluvial incision, moraine dams were cut through by the YZR. Thus, any moraine dams that lost their efficacy in impacting upon knickpoint migration. Instead, similarities between rock uplift and fluvial incision, rather than moraine dams, might have been the main control impeding headward erosion of the YZR, thereby keeping this part of the eastern Tibetan Plateau margin intact.