Biofortification for high Fe and Zn in various Poaceae crops by using different molecular breeding and biotechnological approaches

Zinc and iron play a vital role in the plant growth and development process because they act as a cofactor for different enzymes that are involved in various important metabolic activities like photosynthesis, respiration, chlorophyll, and carotenoid synthesis. There are various mechanisms evolved by crop plants for uptake, transportation, absorption, and accumulation of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) in plant parts that are further utilized for nourishing humans. Furthermore, it is estimated that about three billion people in developing countries are suffering from iron and zinc deficiency which is generally observed in the case of children and women. Biofortification includes various techniques that increase the concentration of different micronutrients and vitamins in edible plants and increasing the bioavailability by decreasing anti-nutritional factors. Iron and zinc biofortified crops will provide a ray of hope in combating nutritional deficiency disorder across developing countries. This review article describes the biofortification of Poaceae crops like wheat, rice, and oats for high Fe and Zn content by utilizing plant breeding and biotechnological approaches.