Recent developments in variable-resolution global climate modelling

An overview is provided of the design of the five currently-available variable-resolution global climate models. For producing high-resolution downscaled climate simulations from coupled global climate models, the models may be used in stand-alone mode, if modestly stretched, or be forced in one of a variety of ways by an intermediate simulation. The various downscaling methodologies are described along with examples of simulations that have been produced by these methods.