Regulation of the Cellular Localization and Trafficking of the Adrenergic Receptors

The family of adrenergic receptors (ARs; the α1-, α2-, and β-ARs) are key regulators of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, involved in both central and peripheral cardiovascular function. Here, we review our current understanding of the cellular localization and trafficking properties of the α1-, α2-, and β-ARs. We then examine recent evidence indicating that the cellular localization of these receptors and their excursion into intracellular compartments play an underappreciated role in the activation of both G protein and novel non-G protein-dependent cellular signaling.