Boundary of treeless grassland in relation to nutrient content of soils on the Highveld of South Africa

Abstract The scarcity of indigenous trees on the Highveld of eastern South Africa is usually attributed to frost, fire and drainage, regardless of whether the soils are nutrient-poor (sourveld grasslands) or nutrient-rich (sweetveld grasslands). However, soil physicochemical properties—such as nutrient availability—are likely to affect vegetation structure by influencing competitive outcomes between herbaceous plants and tree seedlings. Woody cover in western southern Africa has been shown to be greatest on soils of intermediate nutrient status, decreasing on both nutrient-poor and nutrient-rich soils. We predicted – based on a theory of catabolic nutrient demand – that grassland–savanna boundaries on the Highveld would at least partly reflect soil properties. The soil contents of 22 elements, as well as pH and EC, were consequently analysed across 14 such boundaries in 6 provinces. Multivariate analysis showed that site location had the greatest influence on elemental content (r 2  > 0.75, P   70% of elements analysed differed in one direction or the other at > 50% of study sites across the grassland–savanna boundary. Enrichment in grasslands (relative to savannas) was associated with sweetveld and impoverishment with sourveld, consistent with treeless grasslands occurring at both extremes of the nutrient continuum (nutrient-poor and -rich soils). An insight emerging from this study of the generally treeless Highveld is that the transition to savanna may coincide with an intermediate and potentially dystrophic section of the nutrient continuum where nutrients are imbalanced for grass growth. Because the static parameter of nutrient content may over- or underestimate nutrient availability, a next step in an investigation of the ultimate causes of treelessness would be to quantify rates of supply of different nutrients in treeless grasslands compared with savannas across grassland–savanna boundaries.