The psychological structure, social consequences, function, and expression of pride experiences

Pride is a positively valenced emotion that occurs in response to success and is comprised of two distinct facets: authentic pride, characterized by feelings of accomplishment and confidence; and hubristic pride, characterized by feelings of arrogance and conceit. The two facets diverge in their associations with a range of personality traits and social consequences, but they share a nonverbal expression and evolutionary function. Specifically, both pride facets facilitate the attainment of social rank, but in notably different ways: authentic pride motivates hard work to get ahead, whereas hubristic pride is associated with more antisocial and dishonest means to high status. In closing, we discuss how knowledge of pride can inform research into other positive emotions.