Rview of phytoremediation of soil contaminated by vanadium

Vanadium is a nontrivial multi-valent metallic element, which has been increasingly used in modern society. The widespread application of vanadium promotes the rapid and sound development of the economy and society, simultaneously brings out increasingly prominent environmental problems, e.g., soil vanadium pollution. Therefore, the remediation problem of vanadium-contaminated soil has been received growing attention. Phytoremediation has become a significant constituent in vanadium-contaminated soil remediation attributable to its veritable merits such as cleanness, esthetics, cost-effectiveness, convenience, and sustainability. Phytoremediation is mainly dependent on hyperaccumulator plants, even though the actuality that the vast majority of hyperaccumulator plants are characterized by low biomass yield and slow-growing. Consequently, the intensity in screening the undiscovered hyperaccumulators should be strengthened. Meanwhile, it is imperative to further explore the vanadium accumulation and translocation characteristics of some non-hyperaccumulative but tolerant plants with moderate biomass to remediate the soil contaminated with vanadium. Taken together, further comprehensive researches of tolerance mechanisms of remedial plants against vanadium are quite necessary to decontaminate soils contaminated by vanadium efficiently.