Diagnosis and treatment of sheep and goat dyspnea

Causes of rapid or labored respiration in small ruminants include normal panting and treatable pathologic conditions such as bronchopneumonia, lungworms, anemia, and hypocalcemia. Several other causes of dyspnea such as caseous lymphadenitis, retroviral interstitial pneumonia, and neoplasia must be differentiated, as they carry a grave prognosis. This article will emphasize diagnosis and control of respiratory diseases, especially at the herd level.