Adjunctive Yoga training for persons with schizophrenia: who benefits?

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with acceptability and efficacy of yoga training (YT) for improving cognitive dysfunction in individuals with schizophrenia (SZ). METHODS We analysed data from two published clinical trials of YT for cognitive dysfunction among Indians with SZ: 1) a 21-day randomized controlled trial (RCT, N=286), 3 and 6 months follow-up; 2) a 21-day open trial (n=62). Multivariate analyses were conducted to examine the association of baseline characteristics (age, sex, socio-economic status, educational status, duration and severity of illness) with improvement in cognition (i.e., attention and face memory) following YT. Factors associated with acceptability were identified by comparing baseline demographic variables between screened and enrolled participants as well as completers versus non-completers. RESULTS Enrolled participants were younger than screened persons who declined participation (t=2.952, p=0.003). No other characteristics were associated with study enrollment or completion. Regarding efficacy, schooling duration was nominally associated with greater and sustained cognitive improvement on a measure of facial memory. No other baseline characteristics were associated with efficacy of YT in the open trial, the RCT, or the combined samples (n=148). CONCLUSIONS YT is acceptable even among younger individuals with SZ. It also enhances specific cognitive functions, regardless of individual differences in selected psychosocial characteristics. Thus, yoga could be incorporated as adjunctive therapy for patients with SZ. Importantly, our results suggest cognitive dysfunction is remediable in persons with SZ across the age spectrum.