Laboratory diagnosis of lymphatic filariasis in Australia: Available laboratory diagnostic tools and interpretation

Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is the second most common mosquito-borne parasitic disease globally and a leading cause of disability. Although LF is not endemic in Australia, individuals returning or emigrating from endemic areas can potentially be exposed to or infected with the filarial nematodes that cause LF, the most prevalent being Wuchereria bancrofti. Correct diagnosis requires an understanding of the parasite lifecycle, differences in distribution of the filarial species, and use of the most appropriate diagnostic tests. Since the physician typically does not specify the laboratory tests required to diagnose LF, laboratory scientists are usually responsible for choosing the most appropriate laboratory tests, and for their interpretation. Since there are a number of tests available to diagnose LF, and the choice of test is based on a number of factors including stage of the disease and the region visited, this review aims to clarify the likely tests which should be performed for diagnosis of LF in Australia.