Contribution of deeper soil horizons to N and C cycling during the snow-free season in alpine tundra, NW Italy

Abstract In alpine tundra the contribution of subsurface soil horizons to N and C cycling, their intraseasonal variability and soil/water interaction in the snow-free season have been poorly studied. The hypothesis that subsoil pedoclimatic factors (soil moisture and soil temperature) and nutrients (extractable N-NH 4 + , N-NO 3 − , DON, DOC, N micr and C micr ) can differ significantly from those of the topsoil was tested for 3 snow-free seasons at 3 study sites (site 1, 3 and 5) in the alpine tundra of the NW Italian Alps. In addition, the intraseasonal variability of both topsoil and subsoil extractable N and C forms was checked monthly from July to October, and they were related to those measured in the surface water of an alpine lake (Cimalegna Lake). The soil moisture did not show significant differences between topsoil and subsoil, with the exception of site 5, and was strictly correlated with the N and C forms studied at both soil depths, except for N-NO 3 − . The soil temperature was always slightly higher in the topsoil than in the subsoil, due to the incident solar irradiance, and was positively correlated with topsoil DON and C micr . At all study sites, N-NH 4 + and N-NO 3 − showed no significant differences between topsoil and subsoil, while subsoil DON, DOC, N micr and C micr significantly differed from those in the topsoil, especially at site 5. Only N-NO 3 − had a significant intraseasonal variability reaching the highest values in October at both soil depths, mainly due to the end of the plants growing season. The temporal variation of N-NO 3 − concentration observed in the lake strictly reflects the temporal changes occurred in the soils underling the fundamental role of soil biocenosis in limiting leaching losses of nitrates.