Light-triggered and phosphorylation-dependent 14-3-3 association with NONPHOTOTROPIC HYPOCOTYL 3 is required for hypocotyl phototropism

ABSTRACT NON-PHOTOTROPIC HYPOCOTYL 3 (NPH3) is a key component of the phototropic response, acting downstream of the primary photoreceptor phototropin and upstream of auxin redistribution. Despite the obvious physiological significance of the blue light-induced differential growth process, the molecular mode of NPH3 action is poorly understood. Light-triggered dephosphorylation of NPH3, however, is thought to constitute a major signaling event. Here, we show that NPH3 directly binds to polyacidic phospholipids via a polybasic motif in its C-terminal domain, allowing for plasma membrane association in darkness. We further demonstrate that blue light induces phosphorylation of a C-terminal 14-3-3 binding motif in NPH3. Subsequent binding of 14-3-3 to the phosphorylated NPH3 in turn is required for light-triggered release of NPH3 from the plasma membrane. In the cytosol, NPH3 undergoes a dynamic transition from a dilute to a condensed state. Intriguingly, the dephosphorylated state of the 14-3-3 binding site as well as NPH3 plasma membrane association are recoverable in darkness. Given that NPH3 variants constitutively localizing either to the plasma membrane or to cytosolic condensates are non-functional, the phototropin-triggered and 14-3-3 mediated dynamic change in the subcellular localization of NPH3 seems to be crucial for its function. Taken together, our data demonstrate a fundamental role for 14-3-3 members in regulating NPH3 localization and auxin-dependent phototropic responses.