Anti–Programmed Death 1 (PD-1) Antibodies and the Pancreas: A Diabetic Storm Ahead?

Nivolumab, a human IgG4 programmed death 1 (PD-1) immune checkpoint–inhibitor antibody, disrupts PD-1–mediated signaling and restores antitumor immunity (1). Many recent studies have emphasized the importance of anti–PD-1 antibodies to improve survival outcomes among patients with advanced melanoma or lung cancer. Several endocrinological side effects have been reported and a few patients developed insulin-requiring diabetes (2). Some …