Biomineralization Process in Hard Tissues: The Interaction Complexity within Protein and Inorganic Counterparts.

Abstract Biomineralization can be considered as nature's strategy to produce and sustain biominerals, primarily via creation of hard tissues for protection and support. This review examines the biomineralization process within the hard tissues of the human body with special emphasis on the mechanisms and principles of bone and teeth mineralization. We describe the detailed role of proteins and inorganic ions in mediating the mineralization process. Furthermore, we highlight the various available models for studying bone physiology and mineralization starting from the historical static cell line-based methods to the most advanced 3D culture systems, elucidating the pros and cons of each one of these methods. With respect to the mineralization process in teeth, enamel and dentin mineralization is discussed in detail. The key role of intrinsically disordered proteins in modulating the process of mineralization in enamel and dentine is given attention. Finally, nanotechnological interventions in the area of bone and teeth mineralization, diseases and tissue regeneration is also discussed. Statement of Significance The present review article gives an overview of the field of biomineralization process in hard tissues including details of this mechanism in the formation of structures like Teeth and Bone. Moreover, we have discussed various models used for studying biomineralization so far and also discussed the nanotechnological applications in the field of bone regeneration and dentistry. Taken together, this review summarizes a broader picture of the biomineralization research which is absent in the current literature, in such a concise form.