The production of tetrodotoxin-like substances by nemertean worms in conjunction with bacteria

Abstract Evidence is presented which strongly indicates a relationship between the presence of Vibrio bacteria, probably Vibrio alginolyticus , and the synthesis of tetrodotoxin (TTX)-like chemicals in seven species of British nemerteans. The occurrence of these substances and associated Vibrio bacteria in these species was investigated by bacteriological, chromatographic, spectroscopic and ultraviolet spectrometric techniques. It is suggested that these toxins are utilised by the nemerteans as a chemical defence against potential predators.