Anti-Cancer Effect of Gingerol in Cancer Prevention and Treatment.

Cancer is one of the most lethal diseases in the world. Because of high death rate associated with cancer and the side effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy, patients required alternative strategies for its treatment. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) has an enormous medicinal properties and health beneficial effects. In this review, we discuss the basic mechanism by which gingerol (a active component of ginger) modulate a variety of cell signaling pathways linked to cancer, including nuclear factors (NF-κB), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), activator protein1 (AP-1), β- catenin, growth factors receptors (EGFR, VEGFR); mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) and proinflammatory mediators (TNF-α and COX-2). Both in vitro and in vivo studies support the role of gingerol in cancer. The efficacy of gingerol by clinical trials has also been reported. Importantly, natural agents are already in clinical trials against various kinds of cancer. Effort has been made through this comprehensive review to highlight the recent developments and milestones achieved in cancer therapies via studies based on different cell lines using gingerol.