Ventilator-Associated Sinusitis: A Review

A common foreign body of the nose in intensive care, the nasotracheal tube, has for 20 years been cited as a cause of bacterial infection of the paranasal sinus. High frequencies of bacterial culture positivity have occurred in several studies. However, the state of critically ill patients has to be evaluated before conclusions about cause of infection can be made. Nosocomial colonization with intensive care unit flora, in combination with use of antibiotics, precludes the use of procedures that are standard in office practice and microbiological diagnostics. New methods of sampling and quantitative culturing for the specific purpose of intensive care antral diagnostics, in combination with endoscopic inspection, have enlarged our knowledge of sinusitis. Among patients ventilator-treated for ≥1 week, the occurrence of bacterial sinusitis is <10%. For 80% of the examined antra there were similar inflammatory reactions without clinical signs of infection. Sporadically in these, cultures of antral specimens were positive for bacteria, which, by definition, would represent colonization.