Construction of hierarchical Ti3C2TX@PHbP-PHC architecture with enhanced free-radical quenching capability: Effective reinforcement and fire safety performance in bismaleimide resin

Abstract The effect of hindered amine light stabilizer on free radical quenching can be combined with the cross-linked polyphosphazene containing P N structure to improve the flame retardant efficiency of titanium carbide (Ti3C2TX) in both gas phase and condensed phase. Here, a hindered amine and polyphosphazene modified Ti3C2TX (Ti3C2TX@PHbP-PHC) was obtained. With the loading of Ti3C2TX@PHbP-PHC in the bismaleimide resin (BMI) increased to 2 wt%, an 43% reduction was achieved in the peak heat release rate (PHRR), and a 47% reduction in the total heat release rate (THR). Meanwhile, the total gaseous products and total smoke production (TSP) exhibited a similar decreasing trend. Furthermore, 0.5 wt% BMI system exhibited the highest storage modulus (2629 MPa) and impact strength (13.7 MPa), which were 21% and 76% higher than pure BMI, respectively. Therefore, the developed functionalized Ti3C2TX can be effectively used in BMI matrix, thereby providing reliable source material for the design of high-performance BMI resins that meet various application scenarios.