DISTREE: A tool for estimating genetic distances between aligned DNA sequences

Motivation: Substitution rates estimated from aligned DNA data can be used as genetic distances to investigate the phylogenetic relationship of those sequences. For this purpose, a Markov model of nucleotide substitution has to be assumed that describes this process most adequately. Results: A program is presented that estimates substitution rates and their standard errors for a variety of Markov models. The model introduced by Hasegawa et al. (J. Mol. EvoL, 22, 160-174, 1985) is the only one for which distances and standard deviations need to be calculated numerically, since analytical formulae cannot be derived. Each model is implemented in two different variants: (i) assuming rate homogeneity or (ii) starting from Gamma-distributed substitution rates across sequence sites. The estimation of heterogeneous substitution rates is based on a method suggested by Tamura and Nei (Mol. Biol. EvoL, 10, 512-526, 1993). All required parameters are estimated from sequence data, hence the user is not asked to supply any additional input. One goal of the program is to support the user when choosing a particular model that describes most adequately the evolution of the given data set. For this purpose, a more detailed analysis of this model fit is provided. Phylogenetic trees reconstructed from the inferred distances using the neighbor-joining algorithm are also available. Availability: http://www.ebi.ac.uk, httpJ/evollO.theochem.