Ultrasound of Lower Urinary Tract Infections

Contrary to upper urinary tract infections (UTI), which affect almost exclusively the kidneys, lower UTI are a more complex entity, affecting several different portions of the genitourinary tract. They consist of a wide spectrum of manifestations, ranging from acute cystitis, which is the most common infection of all the urinary tract counting 0.70 episodes per person-year in young women and 0.07 episodes per person-year in postmenopausal women, to infrequent entities as schistosomiasis or life threatening disease such as Fournier’s gangrene. Enteric flora organisms like Escherichia Coli, Klebsiella Pneumoniae and Enterococcus species are the cause of disease in the vast majority of patients. The role of imaging techniques is strictly related to the severity of presentation varying between either end of possibilities: not required and mandatory. Ultrasound (US) is the technique of choice in most cases, however plain film and computer tomography (CT) may help the diagnostic workup in selected cases demonstrating peculiar findings.