Surface anatomical landmarks for the location of posterior sacral foramina in sacral nerve stimulation

Background Sacral nerve stimulation is a common treatment for various pelvic floor disorders. It consists of the percutaneous introduction of electrodes through the posterior sacral foramina for therapeutic stimulation of the target sacral spinal nerve. The aim of our study was to determine the surface anatomical landmarks of the sacrum to facilitate identification of the posterior sacral foramina.