Health risk assessment of trace metals from spinach grown on compost-amended soil

AbstractThe present study evaluates the impact of two commercially available composts on the accumulation of trace metals in soil and spinach, and their potential health risks to humans. The treatments were municipal waste compost (MC) and agricultural waste compost (AC) applied at 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% (w/w)—with the recommended dose of NPK fertilizers (50:25:0) as a control. Trace metals concentrations (Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) in both composts were below the threshold level. The improved spinach yield with MC was 2.77, 16.88, and 42.34% and with AC 5.53, 17.19, and 53.38% over the control at 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% levels, respectively. Concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in spinach leaves were found higher than permissible limits at all levels of MC. However, Cu, Pb, and Zn were recorded within safe limits with AC except for Cd (which was at 1.0% and 1.5%). The daily intake of trace metals and their health risk index were found higher at elevated levels (1.0% and 1.5%) of MC and AC. The results revealed that besi...