On berm breakwaters. Stability, scour, overtopping

Abstract Experimental studies on the stability of multilayer berm breakwaters have been carried out. Two stone mass densities have been used. The results have been compared with the results of homogenous berm breakwaters and with other results of multilayer berm breakwaters. An equation for the berm recession for homogenous berms has been derived, including the effect of stone gradation and water depth. Erosion at and erosion protection of berm breakwaters have been investigated as well as wave overtopping discharges.