Lysosomal alkalinization, lipid oxidation, and reduced phagosome clearance triggered by activation of the P2X7 receptor

Lysosomal enzymes function optimally at low pH; as accumulation of waste material contributes to cell aging and disease, dysregulation of lysosomal pH may represent an early step in several pathologies. Here, we demonstrate that stimulation of the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) for ATP alkalinizes lysosomes in cultured human retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells and impairs lysosomal function. P2X7R stimulation did not kill RPE cells but alkalinized lysosomes by 0.3 U. Receptor stimulation also elevated cytoplasmic Ca2+; Ca2+ influx was necessary but not sufficient for lysosomal alkalinization. P2X7R stimulation decreased access to the active site of cathepsin D. Interestingly, lysosomal alkalinization was accompanied by a rise in lipid oxidation that was prevented by P2X7R antagonism. Likewise, the autofluorescence of phagocytosed photoreceptor outer segments increased by lysosomal alkalinization was restored 73% by a P2X7R antagonist. Together, this suggests that endogenous autostimulation of the P2X7R may oxidize lipids and impede clearance. The P2X7R was expressed on apical and basolateral membranes of mouse RPE; mRNA expression of P2X7R and extracellular ATP marker NTPDase1 was raised in RPE tissue from the ABCA4−/− mouse model of Stargardt's retinal degeneration. In summary, P2X7R stimulation raises lysosomal pH and impedes lysosomal function, suggesting a possible role for overstimulation in diseases of accumulation.—Guha, S., Baltazar G. C., Coffey, E. E., Tu, L.-A., Lim, J. C., Beckel, J. M., Patel, S., Eysteinsson, T., Lu, W., O'Brien-Jenkins, A., Laties, A. M., Mitchell, C. H. Lysosomal alkalinization, lipid oxidation, and reduced phagosome clearance triggered by activation of the P2X7 receptor.