Left Ventricular Function, Epicardial Adipose Tissue, and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Children and Adolescents With Vertical HIV Infection

BACKGROUND: Life expectancy of HIV patients has increased considerably as a result of antiretroviral therapy (ART), and cardiovascular (CV) disease has emerged as an important late concern. People with HIV infection could have an impaired systolic function; however data on diastolic function and markers of CV risk, such as epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) and intima-media thickness (IMT), are lacking. Aim of this study is to evaluate left ventricular function, EAT, and IMT in children and adolescents with vertically acquired HIV infection. METHODS: We enrolled 29 subjects on ART (13, 45% men; median age of 13.0, and interquartile range 9-18), and 29 age-matched controls. All patients and controls underwent echocardiographic evaluation, with study of the systolic and diastolic function and measurement of the EAT, and a carotid ultrasound study for IMT measurement. RESULTS: Comparing HIV-infected patients to healthy controls, we found a statistically significant increase of EAT and IMT (mean +/- SD) (EAT: 3.16 +/- 1.05 vs 1.24 +/- 0.61 mm; P < 0.0001. IMT: 0.77 +/- 0.15 vs 0.51 +/- 0.11 mm; P < 0.0001), and a significant reduction of ejection fraction, evaluated with the biplane Simpson method (mean +/- SD) (58.5% +/- 6.66% vs 66% +/- 4.24%; P = 0.029). These results are not related with age, gender, degree of lipodystrophy, dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinism, and ART duration or the use of single antiretroviral classes. CONCLUSIONS: Vertically infected HIV children and adolescents show an increased thickness of EAT and IMT, expression of potentially increased CV risk. They also show an impaired systolic function.