THE CARPALS IN CONGENITAL MALFORMATION SYNDROMES

A variety of carpal anomalies may occur in the congenital malformation syndromes. These include the presence of extra carpals, abnormal carpals, and abnormalities of the carpal angle. Carpal fusion which affects carpals in different rows also has some significance, as do variations in maturational sequence. In some syndromes an increased incidence of anatomic variation may be found. The lack of good normal standards of carpal size and configuration and the lack of statistical data on the normal variability of these bones make evaluation subjective in most cases.Syndromes associated with carpal anomalies include arthrogryposis, diastrophic dwarfism, dyschondrosteosis, Ellis-Van Creveld syndrome, epiphyseal dysplasia, Fanconi’s anemia, Hand-Foot-Uterus syndrome, Holt-Oram syndrome, homocystinuria, OtoPalato-Digital syndrome, symphalangism, Trisomy 18, and Turner’s syndrome.