Imaging in Chronic Kidney Disease‐Metabolic Bone Disease

Musculoskeletal manifestations in chronic kidney disease (CKD) are the result of a series of complex alterations in mineral metabolism, which has been defined as chronic kidney disease - mineral and bone-related disorder (CKD-MBD). Biochemical assessment and, at times, bone biopsy remains the mainstay of disease assessment, however, radiological imaging is an important adjunct in evaluating disease severity. This review aims to illustrate the radiological features of CKD-MBD, such as secondary hyperparathyroidism, osteomalacia, adynamic bone disease, osteopenia, and extra-skeletal calcifications.