Stabilization of heavy metals in MSWI fly ash with a novel dithiocarboxylate-functionalized polyaminoamide dendrimer

Abstract A novel heavy metal chelating agent, dithiocarboxylate-functionalized polyaminoamide dendrimer (PAMAM-0G-DTC), was evaluated for the stabilization of heavy metals from municipal solids waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash. PAMAM-0G-DTC achieved overall stabilization performance at a lower dosage (3% w/w) and a wider pH range (2–13) compared to conventional chelating agents such as sodium dimethyl dithiocarbamate (SDD) and dithiocarboxylate-functionalized tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA-DTC). The leaching toxicity of Pb and Cd in the MSWI fly ash by PAMAM-0G-DTC stabilization met the landfill requirements but could not be achieved by SDD and TEPA-DTC even at a 10 wt% concentration. Sequential chemical extraction of fly ash before and after stabilization shows that PAMAM-0G-DTC can be combined with active heavy metals in water-soluble, interchangeable, and carbonate states to form more stable heavy metals in organic and residual states. Mechanistic studies show that multiple PAMAM-0G-DTC molecules can combine with multiple heavy metals to form three-dimensional network-like super-molecular compounds with an infinite extension of space size. This makes the heavy metals more stable and embedded in the network-like super-molecular structure, thus minimizing the potential risk of leaching. Overall, by forming more geochemically stable phases, the treatment of fly ash with PAMAM-0G-DTC has a strong ability to reduce the toxic leaching of heavy metals at a lower dosage and suppress the risk of secondary pollution in a landfill at a wide range of pH values (2–13).