MCO: towards an ontology and unified vocabulary for a framework-based annotation of microbial growth conditions

Motivation: A major component in our understanding of the biology of an organism is the mapping of its genotypic potential into the repertoire of its phenotypic expression profiles. This genotypic to phenotypic mapping is executed by the machinery of gene regulation that turns genes on and off, which in microorganisms is essentially studied by changes in growth conditions and genetic modifications. Although many efforts have been made to systematize the annotation of experimental conditions in microbiology, the available annotation is not based on a consistent and controlled vocabulary for the unambiguous description of growth conditions, making difficult the identification of biologically meaningful comparisons of knowledge generated in different experiments or laboratories, a task urgently needed given the massive amounts of data generated by high throughput (HT) technologies. Results: We curated terms related to experimental conditions that affect gene expression in E. coli K-12. Since this is the best-studied microorganism, the collected terms are the seed for the first version of the Microbial Conditions Ontology (MCO), a controlled and structured vocabulary that can be expanded to annotate microbial conditions in general. Moreover, we developed an annotation framework using the MCO terms to describe experimental conditions, providing the foundation to identify regulatory networks that operate under a particular condition. MCO supports comparisons of HT-derived data from different repositories. In this sense, we started to map common RegulonDB terms and Colombos bacterial expression compendia terms to MCO. Availability and Implementation: As far as we know, MCO is the first ontology for growth conditions of any bacterial organism and it is available at http://regulondb.ccg.unam.mx/. Furthermore, we will disseminate MCO throughout the Open Biomedical Ontology (OBO) Foundry in order to set a standard for the annotation of gene expression data derived from conventional as well as HT experiments in E. coli and other microbial organisms. This will enable the comparison of data from diverse data sources.