Ketorolac- and warfarin-induced renal toxicity: ultrastructural and biochemical study

Background Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most widely used drug classes worldwide. Although, these drugs have a potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects associated with nephrotoxicity. Factors such as advanced age and comorbidities may contribute to increase the risk of NSAID-related nephrotoxicity. The current study was designed to study the dual effect of non-NSAIDs and anticoagulants on the rat kidney.