Oestrid myiasis at a cross-road.

Abstract The oestrids are a genuinely unique group of Diptera that represent many species whose larvae parasitize mammals, feeding on live tissues of a wide range of hosts, from mice to elephants, causing obligatory myiases. Those have had greatest impact on the activities of humans and their use of animals (e.g., as food, recreation, in the conduct of wars). To a large extent their impact has been controlled through the use of therapeutic application of synthetic chemical treatments. While in some limited cases eradication has been achieved, it is unlikely to become the norm as these parasites seem well adapted to survive at low population densities and small smoldering foci are likely to present a challenge in the future. Should organic production eschew the use of parasiticides, other than for rescue of seriously ill animals, the foci of infection by these parasites will remain. In this article, we explore current scientific information on this group of parasites that may have become an anachronism in modern livestock parasitology, identify gaps in our knowledge as well as the suggestions for the management of these parasites in the era of genomics and proteomics.