Metal Homeostasis in Cyanobacteria and Chloroplasts. Balancing Benefits and Risks to the Photosynthetic Apparatus

Iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), magnesium (Mg), and copper (Cu) are essential cofactors for the operation of the oxygenic photosynthetic electron transfer apparatus. The overall metal quota required by photosynthetic organisms because of these processes is much larger than the requirement of