Ultrasonic transducer design: feasibility as parametric echosounder in shallow water

In recent decades, acoustic techniques have become the most appropriate tools for biomass estimation in the fishing industry. This is because acoustic waves are the only waves that can be used for remote sensing in the aquatic environment due to their low attenuation compared to electromagnetic waves, which are usually used in long-distance communications in the atmosphere. Ultrasonic echo sounders allow sampling of water columns and cover large areas of ocean by means of sampling campaigns conducted by oceanographic vessels, providing information on fish stocks of commercial interest. Furthermore, as a result of the overexploitation of fishery resources and to cover increasing demand, fish production has been developed as an alternative to capture. Although several species are bred in captivity, in Spain we can highlight three in particular, due to the high economic impact and degree of implantation: Gilt-head bream (Sparus aurata), sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and Bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus). There is demand in the aquaculture industry for techniques developed in the field of fishery acoustics to control and estimate biomass. However, various problems related to the geometry of the application and high fish densities in intensive aquaculture have made these techniques difficult to apply directly. The study of biomass and species classification has progressed in parallel with the development of sonar and echo sounder systems used for this type of applications, and particularly with the evolution of ultrasonic transducers. Operation frequency, transmission power, bandwidth and directivity are key factors in the acoustic methods applied to fishing. In addition, other aspects of research are becoming more relevant in this sector, such as the study of nonlinear parametric sound generation. This generation or parametric effect, produced in the medium, has focused so far especially on bathymetry or classification of the oceanic subsoil, by offering much lower operation frequencies with the same directivity as the beam generated at high frequency. Nowadays, their feasibility is studied for application to fisheries or aquaculture, due to the possibility of working at several frequencies with the same transducer, given the same radiation characteristics, which is not possible in the linear regime. This thesis presents the design of an ultrasound transducer for biomass estimation with specific characteristics and demonstrates its capacity to work in a non-linear regime with optimum apertures for use in shallow water or in aquaculture cages. Chapter 2 presents general information on ultrasound waves, the medium through which they are propagated and an introduction to non-linear generation. General concepts in ultrasound generation and design are presented in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 shows the numerical models used to reinforce the experimental results presented during this thesis. Chapter 5 covers the design of the transducer, encompassing all the processes, from characterization of the materials, to assembly, operation and simulation of designed prototypes. To conclude, Chapter 6 presents the behavior of prototypes in a nonlinear regime and their feasibility for estimating biomass of different species in shallow water.