The utility of selected ocular examinations in individuals with systemic lupus erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus belongs to the group of autoimmune diseases, in which the accumulation of antigen-antibody complexes may lead to multiple organ failure. Ocular manifestation of the disease is also possible. Ocular changes are attributable to either the disease itself or to the complications associated with administered therapies. The aim of this research was to present the utility of ophthalmic and diagnostic devices in interpreting ocular changes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ultrasound biomicroscopy and spectral domain optical coherence tomography provide the insight into the anterior segment morphology with special emphasis on the cornea and iridocorneal angle in patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Confocal microscopy presents particular corneal layers in vivo what enables detecting the location of inflammatory and chloroquine deposits. Ocular Response Analyzer estimates changes in corneal hysteresis and resistance parameters in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. The optical coherence tomography of the macula and multifocal electroretinography enable detecting subclinical forms of maculopathy. Evaluation of arterial flow parameters and characteristics in ocular circulation measured during fluorescein angiography and colour Doppler imaging quantifies functional and morphological changes in ocular circulation. The appropriate use of diagnostic devices along with accurate interpretation of findings may be crucial for early detection of ocular changes in many diseases with ocular involvement, including systemic lupus erythematosus.