Gastrocutaneous fistulae in children — A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiology and treatment options

Abstract Background Gastrostomy tubes are a common adjunct to the care of vulnerable pediatric patients. This study systematically evaluates the epidemiology and risk-factors for gastrocutaneous fistulae (GCF) after gastrostomy removal in children and reviews treatment options focusing on nonoperative management (NOM). Methods After protocol registration (CRD-42017059565), multiple databases were searched. Studies describing epidemiology in children and GCF treatment at any age were included. Critical appraisal was performed (MINORS risk-of-bias assessment tool). One-sided meta-analysis was executed to estimate efficacy of therapeutic adjuncts using a random-effects model. Results Sixteen articles evaluating pediatric GCF were identified. 44% defined GCF as persistence >1month which occurred in 31±7% of cases. Risk factors for pediatric GCF include age at gastrostomy, timing of removal, open technique, and fundoplication. Mean MINORS score was 0.60±0.16. Seventeen additional studies were identified reporting 142 patients undergoing NOM (endoscopic, systemic, and local therapies), and one pediatric comparative study was identified. Overall aggregate proportion of GCF closure after any NOM is 77% (80% success rate in local/systemic therapies; 75% success rate in endoscopic approaches). No adverse events were reported. Conclusion Persistent GCF complicates the management of gastrostomies in 1/3 of children with predictable risk factors. Several treatment options exist that obviate the need for general anesthesia. Their efficacy is unclear. Further prospective investigations are clearly warranted. Level of Evidence III — Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Based on Retrospective Case Control Studies.