CSF shunts in children: endoscopically-assisted placement of the distal catheter.

Objectives Ventriculoperitoneal shunting is the most common treatment for hydrocephalus. Repeated shunt revisions and other previous surgical procedures can complicate the placement of the distal catheter. Occasionally, when conventional sites like the abdominal cavity and the right atrium are used up or unavailable, a ventriculopleural shunt can be inserted.