Three-dimensional imaging of bladder cancer using optical coherence tomography and fluorescence laminar optical tomography

Early assessment of sub-surface bladder tumor extension is challenging as there are no acceptable imaging modalities to determine sub-surface three-dimensional (3D) tumor extension. Current existing cystoscopy guided transurethral resection technique is limited on direct visualization of tumor surface. In this paper, a multi-modal optical imaging modality combing high-resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT) and depth-resolved high-sensitivity fluorescence laminar optical tomography (FLOT) for structural and molecular imaging was developed. Bladder tissues from UPII-SV40T mice model were imaged by the multi-modal system ex vivo and sub-surface tumor extension was reconstructed. Algorithm was developed to further quantified 3D bladder tumor morphology and molecular alterations.