Modulation of proteasome activity by curcumin and didemethylcurcumin

Modulation of proteasome function by pharmacological interventions and molecular biology tools is an active area of research in cancer biology and neurodegenerative diseases. Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) is a naturally occurring polyphenol that affects multiple signaling pathways and known to modulate PKC activities. The therapeutic significance of curcumin is often considered to reside in its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-angiogenic, or anti-apoptotic properties. However, recent research suggests that the therapeutic efficacy of curcumin may be due to its activity as a potent inhibitor of the proteasome. In this study, we show that both curcumin and its synthetic polyphenolic derivative (didemethylcurcumin), CUIII modulated proteasome activity in a biphasic manner. Curcumin and CUIII increased proteasome activity at nanomolar concentrations but inhibited proteasome activity at micromolar concentrations. Curcumin was more effective than CUIII in relative proteasome activity increase at nanomolar concentrations. Also, curcumin was more effective than CUIII in relative proteasome activity inhibition at micromolar concentration. The docking study was conducted on the 20S proteasome catalytic subunit. Estimated Kd values for curcumin and didemethylcurcumin are 0.0054{micro}M and 1.3167{micro}M, respectively. These values correlate well with the results of the effectiveness of modulation by curcumin compare to CUIII. The small size of CUIII makes its dock to the narrow cavity of the active site, but the binding interaction is not strong compare to curcumin. This study suggests that curcumin and its didemethyl derivative can be used to modulate proteasome activity. This communication implicates the reason why curcumin and its didemethyl derivative can be used to two different disease mechanisms, neurodegeneration, and cancer.