Multiphoton tomography, transfection, and nanosurgery with <2-nJ, 80-MHz femtosecond laser pulses

Biomedical applications of low-energy ( DermaInspec (JenLab GmbH) enables for the first time in vivo deep tissue imaging of intracellular compartments with submicron spatial and picosecond temporal resolution in patients with dermatological disorders. Using the system FemtOcut , intracellular surgery, optical gene transfer, and intraocular refractive surgery can be performed. The major process behind the diagnostical and therapeutical laser effects is non-resonant multiphoton absorption which results in two-photon autofluorescence and second harmonic generation at transient intensities of GW/cm 2 as well as multiphoton ionization and plasma formation at TW/cm 2 intensities, respectively.