Methods for estimating root biomass and production in forest and woodland ecosystem carbon studies: A review

Abstract Fine and coarse roots are key contributors to belowground net primary productivity, and play critical roles in the biogeochemical cycling of forest and woodland ecosystems. Despite their critical roles, roots have been understudied mainly due to methodological challenges. There is currently no consensus on which methods are most suitable to accurately study root biomass and production. Critical evaluation of the assumptions, strengths and inherent limitations of methods to study root biomass and production are necessary to help investigators decide which method is best for their purposes. This synthesis compares existing methods for root biomass and production estimation based on relevant criteria that include cost, labor requirements, time efficiency and accuracy and, also compares fine- and coarse-root biomass and production estimates from different methods measured at the same sites. Root excavation and soil-pit methods are commonly used to estimate coarse-root biomass, despite the high cost and labor required. Ground-Penetrating Radar is a very promising indirect approach to estimate coarse-root biomass, but may not be suitable for ecosystems with dense understory and soils with high organic matter and ion contents. Soil-core remains the most preferred method to estimate fine-root biomass. Empirical models are accepted as fast and cost-effective indirect approach to predict fine- and coarse-root biomass and production. Fine-root production is usually estimated with the (mini) rhizotrons, sequential-coring and ingrowth-core methods. Coarse-root biomass estimates were not significantly different between soil-pit and soil-core methods. There was a significant positive correlation ( r 2  = 0.91, p −1  year −1 ) compared to the (mini) rhizotrons (3.81 ± 0.46 Mg ha −1  year −1 ) and sequential-coring (3.84 ± 0.93 Mg ha −1  year −1 ) methods. Based on the reviewed literature and comparative analysis we propose that (mini) rhizotrons should be preferred over the others in estimating fine-root production. In situations where cost and site conditions preclude their use, the sequential-coring and ingrowth-core methods are suitable. The ingrowth-core should be used with caution in sites where root growth is slow and root biomass may be influenced by strong seasonal fluctuations. Multiple methods are still recommended for yielding realistic estimates of fine- and coarse-root production, and more comparative studies of different methods should be conducted on the same sites.