Chapter 16 – Probiotics During the Perinatal Period: Impact on the Health of Mothers and Infants

Different probiotic strains and combinations, thereof, have been reported to have health benefits, providing an opportunity to modify gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota resulting in improvement of infant health and reduction in the risk of disease in later life. Animal models show that the administration of probiotics in early stages of life can exert a wide range of effects, mostly related to immune system development, ranging from the reduction of allergic sensitization to the improvement of the defense against pathogens, as well as improving nutrient digestion and mineral absorption. Moreover, the treatment of pregnant mothers may transfer beneficial microbiota to the infants, providing the offspring protection against some diseases. Studies in human subjects seem to support this notion, and the use of probiotics during the perinatal period is currently recommended to reduce the risk of developing allergy. More long-term human interventions studies are needed to support perinatal interventions with specific probiotic strains to support other health recommendations to reduce the risk of chronic disease.