Inhibitory effects of dabigatran etexilate, a direct thrombin inhibitor, on osteoclasts and osteoblasts

Abstract Introduction Anticoagulants are widely used in orthopedic surgery to decrease the risk of deep vein thrombosis. While significant bone impairment is induced by long-term heparin therapy, little is known about the effects of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs). Herein, we investigated the effects of dabigatran etexilate (Pradaxa®), a DOAC inhibitor of thrombin, on bone cells using in vitro and ex vivo cell culture models. Materials and methods Osteoblasts and osteoclasts exposed to different concentrations of dabigatran etexilate and untreated cells were assayed for cell differentiation and activity. Favorable osteogenic conditions for osteoblasts were tested using titanium with nanotopography (Ti-Nano). In addition, mice treated with a dabigatran etexilate solution had bone marrow cells analyzed for the ability to generate osteoclasts. Results Dabigatran etexilate at concentrations of 1 μg/mL and 2 μg/mL did not impact osteoclast or osteoblast viability. The drug inhibited osteoclast differentiation and activity as observed by the reduction of TRAP+ cells, resorption pits and gene and protein expression of cathepsin K. Consistently, osteoclasts from mice treated with dabigatran showed decreased area, resorptive activity, as well as gene and protein expression of cathepsin K. In osteoblast cultures, grown both on polystyrene and Ti-Nano, dabigatran etexilate reduced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, matrix mineralization, gene expression of ALP and osteocalcin. Conclusions Dabigatran etexilate inhibited osteoclast differentiation in ex vivo and in vitro models in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the drug reduced osteoblast activity even under optimal osteogenic conditions. This study provides new evidence regarding the negative overall impact of DOACs on bone cells.