Analytical methods and rules of thumb for modeling DG-distribution interaction

To a T&D system, a distributed or dispersed generator (DG) is simply a generator connected to the system, with all the inherent advantages and disadvantages that brings. Advantages are that the DG or DS unit is a source of both power and voltage support. Disadvantages are that it complicates protection coordination and voltage and flow dynamics of the feeder planning. Additional consideration relates to benefit/cost evaluation-how useful the DG or DS unit will be in reducing cost or improving reliability. Usually, DG and DS units are connected to the distribution system, where their interaction with radial distribution equipment and design causes operating and cost impacts. In this paper zero point analysis and migrating zero point of DG are discussed.