A Review on Non-Invasive Renal Function Assessment Technologies

The prevalence of renal diseases is becoming a pressing problem and induces stress on global health expenditure. Late diagnosis may lead to further complications and increases the mortality rate. The existing gold standard techniques for renal function assessment do not support early diagnosis even though with high accuracy. Hence researchers are focused on developing alternate technologies for early diagnosis of renal diseases. Moreover, the invasive nature of the existing techniques hinders the public for regular monitoring. Yet the development of noninvasive methodologies paves way for regular monitoring and proper control of diseases. This review is dedicated to disseminate emerging non-invasive diagnostic technique for the assessment of kidney function. Initially, the causes of the renal failure are discussed in coherence with kidney anatomy and its physiology. Next, current clinical practice using blood, urine and biopsy tests were conferred. Finally, we provide emphasis on the non-invasive imaging techniques and renal failure biomarkers from other sources of samples to achieve non-invasive detection.