Influence of working gas pressure on structure and properties of WO3 films reactively deposited by rf magnetron sputtering

Tungsten trioxide (WO3) films with thickness of 0.9–6.7 μm have been deposited on glass-slide substrates, using rf magnetron sputtering in an atmosphere of mixture 80% Ar and 20% O2. The as-deposited films had a dark metallic color, like the W target, at a working gas pressure PW of 1 mTorr. Yellow films resulted at a PW of 3 mTorr. With a further increase of PW, the film color changed to pale yellow. From the x-ray diffraction patterns, the as-deposited films were polycrystalline crystallizing in the monoclinic crystal structure with high c-axis orientation perpendicular to the film plane. The optical transmittance of the films deposited at a PW of 1 mTorr is nearly zero. However, the transmittance of the films deposited at other PW are larger than 70% in the wavelength, λ, ranging from 500 to 900 nm. With decreasing λ to 400 nm, the transmittance decreases steeply to zero. The λ at this absorption edge is longer than that in TiO2 and comes in the visible region. The surface morphology of the films depen...