Structure and dynamics of Odinarchaeota tubulin and the implications for eukaryotic microtubule evolution

Tubulins are critical for the internal organization of eukaryotic cells, and understanding their emergence is an important question in eukaryogenesis. Asgard archaea are the closest known prokaryotic relatives to eukaryotes. Here, we elucidated the apo and nucleotide-bound X-ray structures of an Asgard tubulin from hydrothermal-living Odinarchaeota (OdinTubulin). The GTP-bound structure resembles a microtubule protofilament, with GTP bound between subunits, coordinating the + end subunit through a network of water molecules and unexpectedly by two cations. A water molecule is located suitable for GTP hydrolysis. Time course crystallography and electron microscopy revealed conformational changes on GTP hydrolysis. OdinTubulin forms tubules at high temperatures, with short curved protofilaments coiling around the tubule circumference, more similar to FtsZ, rather than running parallel to its length, as in microtubules. Thus, OdinTubulin represents an evolution intermediate between prokaryotic FtsZ and eukaryotic microtubule-forming tubulins.