Effects of Alzheimer's disease-associated risk loci on cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers and disease progression: a polygenic risk score approach.

Background: Several risk loci for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have been identified during recent years in large-scale genome-wide association studies. However, little is known about the mechanisms by which these loci influence AD pathogenesis. Objective: To investigate the individual and combined risk effects of the newly identified AD loci. Methods: Association of 12 AD risk loci with AD and AD-related cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers was assessed. Furthermore, a polygenic risk score combining the effect sizes of the top 22 risk loci in AD was calculated for each individual among the clinical and neuropathological cohorts. Effects of individual risk loci and polygenic risk scores were assessed in relation to CSF biomarker levels as well as neurofibrillary pathology and different biochemical measures related to AD pathogenesis obtained from the temporal cortex. Results: Polygenic risk scores associated with CSF amyloid-42 (A42) levels in the clinical cohort, and with soluble A42 levels and -secretase activity in the neuropathological cohort. The -secretase effect was independent of APOE. APOE-4 associated with CSF A42 (p < 0.001) levels. For the other risk loci, no significant associations with AD risk or CSF biomarkers were detected after multiple testing correction. Conclusions: AD risk loci polygenically contribute to A pathology in the CSF and temporal cortex, and this effect is potentially associated with increased -secretase activity.