Morning Blood Pressure Surge as a Destabilizing Factor of Atherosclerotic Plaque Role of Ubiquitin–Proteasome Activity

Whether morning blood pressure surge influences the molecular mechanisms of plaque progression toward instability is not known. Recently, we have demonstrated enhanced activity of the ubiquitin–proteasome system in human plaques and evidenced that it is associated with inflammatory-induced plaque rupture. We evaluated the inflammatory infiltration and ubiquitin–proteasome activity in asymptomatic carotid plaques of hypertensive patients with different patterns of morning blood pressure surge. Plaques were obtained from 32 hypertensive patients without morning blood pressure surge and 28 with morning blood pressure surge enlisted to undergo carotid endarterectomy for extracranial high-grade (>70%) internal carotid artery stenosis. Plaques were analyzed for macrophages, T-lymphocytes, human leukocyte antigen–DR+cells, ubiquitin–proteasome activity, nuclear factor-κB, inhibitor kB-β, tumor necrosis factor-α, nitrotyrosine, matrix metalloproteinase-9, and collagen content (immunohistochemistry and ELISA). Compared with plaques obtained from hypertensive patients without morning blood pressure surge, plaques from with morning blood pressure surge had more macrophages, T-lymphocytes, human leukocyte antigen–DR+cells ( P P P P